Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Transmission and Distribution System: A Comprehensive Review
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Abstract
In recent decades, the power system has undergone wide restructuring. This is mainly because of distributed generation and demand increment, led by the increasing dependency of mankind on electricity. Power system restructuring includes several new aspects of a conventional power system, especially in the area of transmission and distribution system protection. Several techniques and schemes are used for the protection of transmission and distribution. However, with the restructuring, several improved protection techniques are sought for better operation of the restructured power system. Overcurrent relays are critical components in the protection of electrical transmission and distribution networks, ensuring the reliability and safety of power systems. Effective relay coordination minimizes unnecessary outages and protects infrastructure by isolating faults quickly and accurately. This review underscores the importance of innovative coordination strategies to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and resilience of modern power systems. This review discusses the background in this direction along with the introduction to the existing power system, its main protective components, and various existing protection schemes. The challenges of achieving optimal coordination in complex and interconnected networks are addressed, with a focus on the impact of renewable energy integration, load variability, and system topology changes. Emerging trends, such as adaptive relay schemes and the role of smart grid technologies, are also highlighted.