Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives and Emerging Trends in Green Heterocyclic Chemistry

Abstract

Significant advancements in green chemistry have been made in the building of heterocyclic molecules like pyrimidine derivatives, thanks to the increasing focus on sustainable techniques in chemical synthesis. Historically, the synthesis of pyrimidines—essential building blocks of many bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals—involved the use of dangerous solvents, poisonous chemicals, and significant energy inputs. In this study, we look at renewable feedstocks, biocatalysis, solvent-free procedures, energy-efficient approaches, and environmentally acceptable ways to synthesize pyrimidine derivatives, including microwave and ultrasound-assisted synthesis. To further improve reaction efficiency and sustainability, the use of metal-free, heterogeneous, and reusable catalysts is being emphasized. In addition, the article delves into current case studies that showcase enhanced environmental measures, such as E-factor assessment and life cycle analysis. We take a look at several new developments that could change the game in green heterocyclic chemistry, such AI-assisted reaction design and computational modeling. The study concludes by discussing potential future paths and obstacles to the broad implementation of green approaches in educational and business institutions, such as scalability, legislative backing, and multidisciplinary cooperation.