Advancements, Applications, and Challenges of X-Ray Imaging in Diagnostic Radiology: A Comprehensive Review of Technological Innovations and Clinical Impacts
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Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the evolution, current practices, and future directions of X-ray imaging in diagnostic radiology. As one of the most widely used and accessible medical imaging modalities, X-rays play a pivotal role in diagnosing and monitoring a broad range of clinical conditions. The article systematically examines recent technological advancements including digital radiography (DR), computed radiography (CR), spectral imaging, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI). Applications across various clinical domains—such as musculoskeletal assessments, chest radiology, dental diagnostics, and trauma imaging—are critically evaluated. Additionally, the review addresses contemporary challenges such as radiation safety, image quality optimization, overuse concerns, and disparities in global accessibility. A key focus is given to the role of AI-enhanced image interpretation and automation, which are poised to redefine diagnostic workflows. Moreover, the review highlights regulatory frameworks, training needs, and ethical considerations surrounding the deployment of emerging technologies in radiology departments. Drawing on evidence from recent systematic reviews, clinical trials, and technical assessments, the article synthesizes the state-of-the-art knowledge while identifying research gaps and areas for improvement. This review aims to serve as a foundational reference for radiologists, technologists, policy makers, and researchers invested in maximizing the benefits of X-ray imaging while minimizing its risks.