Perovskite Solar Cell Materials Development for Enhanced Efficiency and Stability

Abstract

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has advanced due to climate change and energy security concerns. PV technologies like perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced to over 25% power conversion efficiency. This analysis examines PSC evolution, concentrating on efficiency, stability, and cost-effective manufacture. Special materials, ABX3, where A and B are cations and X is an anion, are used to make PSCs. Their high light absorption coefficients, long carrier lifetimes, and programmable bandgaps make them intriguing photovoltaic options for the future generation. PSCs have advanced PCE, but long-term stability and scalable manufacture remain issues. Moisture, oxygen, UV radiation, and heat degrade PSCs. Laborious batch-based fabrication technologies reduce cost-effectiveness. This review addresses efficiency and stability techniques to overcome these issues. Doping, lattice strain relaxation, and encapsulation are key PSC performance enhancements. Finding lead-free perovskite compositions and different crystal structures lead to more stable materials. Roll-to-roll processing and spray coating are scalable and cost-effective fabrication processes with commercial potential. This article helps address these problems, but further research is needed to fully understand the intricacies of building scalable and cost-effective PSC fabrication processes. PSC efficiency, stability, and fabrication improvements offer hope for perovskite solar cell inclusion into renewable energy systems and a sustainable energy future.