Bridging the Gap Between Bench and Bedside: A Comprehensive Review of Novel Biomaterials, Cellular Therapies, and Translational Modalities in Periodontal Regeneration

Abstract

The regeneration of the periodontium aims to reconstruct the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum destroyed by periodontitis, a widespread condition with global systemic risks. This article examines the fundamental biological drivers, including immune regulation, signaling cascades, and stem cell niches essential for repair. We also assess progress in material science, highlighting injectable hydrogels, nanofibrous grafts, and 3D-printed constructs alongside proven biologics such as platelet concentrates, enamel matrix proteins, and growth factors. Furthermore, emerging modalities like exosome therapy and smart scaffolds are evaluated. Despite persistent hurdles regarding regulation and individual patient variability, the integration of AI, minimally invasive techniques, and personalized care offers a promising path toward predictable periodontal restoration.